NEW YORK - Carl Bell was waiting his turn to check in at his hotel. A well-regarded psychiatrist and academic, he was traveling for a television appearance. The TV station had flown him first-class and sent a chauffeur-driven car to pick him up at the airport. But just before he stepped up to speak with the hotel clerk, a white man marched in and cut him off. Bell, who is black, was indignant.

"Do you think I'm waiting for a bus?" he demanded. "I'm standing right here!"

The white man claimed he hadn't seen Bell.

To many, this would seem an ambiguous encounter. Perhaps the man simply had not seen Bell waiting in line. But to Bell, it was part of a pattern -- one he says he sees virtually every day.

The sheer number of negative interactions like this one has convinced him and many others that the incidents are not merely innocent oversights.

Indeed, social scientists have coined a term for them: racial microaggression.

The phrase describes the subtle indignities and insults directed at minority members during everyday exchanges. Their ambiguity is what makes them so vexing: The recipient doesn't know for certain whether it is a deliberate slight, making it difficult to react appropriately.

Racism, overt and subtle, has been a feature of human interaction for centuries. But now that blatant public displays of prejudice are frowned upon and even criminalized, researchers are paying increased attention to the more subtle manifestations.

By giving this phenomenon a name, social scientists hope to draw attention to how damaging such slights can be when multiplied by the thousands of times they occur over a lifetime.

"I see a huge irony," said Derald Wing Sue, professor of education at Columbia University's Teachers College. "While hate crimes receive the most attention, the greatest damage to the life experiences of people of color is from racial microaggression."

While the term microaggression is relatively new, the concept is familiar enough that it has become a staple of contemporary comedy.

Take Steve Carell's character, Michael Scott, on NBC's popular situation comedy "The Office." As the boss of a paper company's branch office in Scranton, Pa., Scott unwittingly offends his employees at every turn.

In one typical episode, Scott rejects diversity training, claiming the office is a "color-free zone." He then turns to the only black employee and says, "Stanley, I don't look at you as another race."

"It is funny," Bell said of this genre of humor. "But that's what humor is, that fine line between funny and tragic."

Microaggression was coined in 1970 by Harvard psychiatrist Chester Pierce to explain the indignities heaped on black people, sometimes unknowingly, by whites. It has since been broadened to include all minority groups and women.

Columbia's Sue, who has become a leading scholar on the topic, compared these insults to carbon monoxide -- "invisible, but potentially lethal." Because the comments or gestures are easily overlooked, the experts say, their effect may not be immediately apparent. But constant negative interactions can be a sort of death by a thousand cuts for the victim.

Sue outlined the various types of microaggression perpetrated on different races. Asian-Americans may find themselves answering the question "Where were you born?" over and over, when in fact they were born in the United States. Sue, who is Asian-American, said people regularly compliment him on how well he speaks English.

Some psychologists say focusing on microaggression is the wrong approach.

Psychologist and consultant Kenneth Sole said it is nearly impossible to divine the meaning of some remarks. Although his diversity seminars explore subtle racism, Sole said he avoids the word microaggression.

"I don't use that term, because it's based on the false assumption that we understand the motivations of those surface, micro behaviors," he said.

When people who hear these comments presume that racism is the motivation, he added, they forestall any further communication. The resulting power dynamic of aggressor and victim ultimately makes the recipient feel even worse. In choosing the explanation that makes us feel the most uncomfortable, "we are colluding with the people who wish to victimize us," Sole said.

Bell said that while human behavior is complex and "multidetermined," the vast majority of bias has the same roots.

"Ninety-eight percent of racial stereotyping," he said, "is learned behavior."

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