LOS ANGELES When pop stars Mariah Carey, Beyonce, Nelly Furtado and 50 Cent recently said they would renounce millions of dollars they had received for performing for members of Libyan strongman Moammar Gadhafi's family, they drew attention to a growing and controversial cultural phenomenon: celebrity artists being hired by rich, powerful and sometimes disreputable clients to play at private or semi-private functions.
From flashy hotel openings to wedding receptions, upscale bat mitzvahs and Caribbean bacchanalias, brand-name musicians, Hollywood actors and other celebrities are increasingly renting out their talents, or simply their crowd-drawing presence, for under-the-radar engagements.
Despite the potential ethical breaches, and the risk of tainting their public images, big stars likely will continue to be tempted by fat fees and all-expense-paid trips by private jet to a remote tropical island or luxury resort. Today's free-spending clients include Fortune 500 corporations, Wall Street tycoons and nouveau-riche developing-world businessmen.
Some of these artists may be motivated largely by money and are ignorant of, or indifferent to, political concerns. Others like Sting, who performed at a 2009 concert arranged at the behest of the daughter of Uzbekistan dictator Islam Karimov (known for jailing dissidents and other human rights abuses), see themselves as cultural ambassadors opening new communications channels into closed societies.
Top stars' managers take care to protect their artists' reputations by pre-screening clients, "so they know they're not getting a briefcase of cash that wouldn't be clean, wouldn't be legal and would cause them all kinds of problems," said Bob van Ronkel, who runs a Moscow business that arranges for actors and musicians to appear at charity events, concerts and other activities, frequently in Russia and Central Asia.
But that can be difficult if the client is using a third-party intermediary or hiding behind a pseudonym, as one of Gadhafi's sons is known to do, Van Ronkel said.
That was the explanation put forward by Carey when she renounced the reported $1 million she earned for giving a private 2008 New Year's Eve concert bankrolled by a member of the Gadhafi family.
"I was naive and unaware of who I was booked to perform for," Carey, who has a substantial record of philanthropic activities, said in a statement. "I feel horrible and embarrassed to have participated in this mess.
"Going forward, this is a lesson for all artists to learn from. We need to be more aware and take more responsibility, regardless of who books our shows."
Days before, Furtado, the Canadian pop chanteuse, had announced in a Twitter message that she planned to give away the $1 million she made playing a 45-minute show for the Gadhafi clan at an Italian hotel in 2007. She did not specify where the money would go.
Beyonce said in a statement that she hadn't realized who was picking up the tab for a Gadhafi-sponsored private party. "Once it became known that the third-party promoter was linked to the Gadhafi family, the decision was made to put that payment to a good cause," the statement read. The singer said she donated he earnings to Haitian earthquake-relief efforts.
50 Cent donates his fee, too
Then rapper 50 Cent said that he, too, would donate to charity the money he'd earned performing several years ago at a private event linked to Gadhafi family members.
Chris Palmer, a former vice president of progressive music and senior vice president of marketing for Warner Bros. Records, said many artists are disconnected from whom they are performing for, or for what reason, being more interested in putting on a good show.
"Some of the artists are so focused on being good entertainers, they're oblivious to the politics," said Palmer, now an assistant professor and program director for Arts Presenting at the University of Miami Frost School of Music. "Not all artists are as politically aware as Bruce Springsteen, Sting or Bono. It's a responsibility of their agents, and support staff, and the people around them to make that kind of call."
But even booking agents and managers may not know who'll show up at a gig until after it's planned. Van Ronkel said Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin turned up on short notice last December at a charity event, billed as aiding hospitals for children with cancer, at which Kevin Costner performed with his band. Putin sang "Blueberry Hill" and played a grand piano.
At the time, Van Ronkel said, no one in his entourage was thinking about politics. "Governments think politics, but most of us are thinking, 'Wow, Kevin's here performing.' "
The event subsequently drew Russian media attention after the mother of a girl with cancer wrote an open letter implying the event may have benefited Putin's public image more than the children.
Sting in Uzbekistan
Sting offered no public mea culpa for playing the Uzbekistan concert, for which the former lead singer of the Police, well-known for his concert work on behalf of human rights and ecological causes, reportedly pocketed as much as 2 million British pounds. Sting later said he was "well aware of the Uzbek president's appalling reputation in the field of human rights as well as the environment. I made the decision to play there in spite of that."
"I have come to believe," he declared, "that cultural boycotts are not only pointless gestures, they are counterproductive, where proscribed states are further robbed of the open commerce of ideas and art and as a result become even more closed, paranoid and insular."
Still, boycotts may cause a celebrity to think twice.
Jennifer Lopez called off an appearance last year at a luxury hotel in the breakaway Turkish north of Cyprus when a furor over the gig erupted between Greek and Turkish Cypriots in that divided Mediterranean island. The pop star and "American Idol" judge reportedly would have earned $3 million for the gig. A statement posted on Lopez's website said the singer's decision "reflects our sensitivity to the political realities of the region."