Iraq's oil windfall goes unspent

Profits pile up as U.S. taxpayers fund the bulk of the country's reconstruction

Soaring oil prices will leave the Iraqi government with a cumulative budget surplus of as much as $79 billion by year's end, according to an American federal oversight agency. But Iraq has spent only a minute fraction of that on reconstruction costs that are now largely borne by the United States.

The unspent windfall, which covers surpluses from oil sales from 2005 through 2008, appears likely to reinforce growing debate about the approximately $48 billion in American taxpayer money devoted to rebuilding Iraq since the American-led invasion.

In one comparison, the United States has spent $23.2 billion in the critical areas of security, oil, electricity and water since the invasion, the report said. But from 2005 through April 2008, Iraq has spent just $3.9 billion on similar services.

Overall, the report from the Government Accountability Office estimates, Iraqi oil revenue from 2005 through the end of this year will amount to at least $156 billion.

And in an odd financial twist, a large amount of the surplus money is sitting in an American bank in New York -- nearly $10 billion at the end of 2007, with more expected this year, when the accountability office estimates a skyrocketing surplus.

The deposit at the Federal Reserve Bank is so large that the United States has been obliged to make $435.6 million in interest payments to Iraq through the end of last year, according to the report.

The report was requested by two senior senators, Carl Levin, D-Mich., and John W. Warner, R-Va., and on Tuesday they were quick to express strong dissatisfaction over the contrast between American spending on reconstruction and the weak record of spending by Iraq itself.

"The Iraqi government now has tens of billions of dollars at its disposal to fund large-scale reconstruction projects," said Levin, who is chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, in a joint statement with Warner. "It is inexcusable for U.S. taxpayers to continue to foot the bill for projects the Iraqis are fully capable of funding themselves."

From the beginning of the conflict, American officials assured taxpayers and the world that Iraq would use oil money to pay for reconstruction, but that has not happened.

Sinan al-Shabibi, governor of the Central Bank of Iraq, said that though he could not speak for the government, problems with spending money often have to do with security problems and a shortage of expertise.

"Yes, there are problems, but that does not mean those problems are going to continue," al-Shabibi said. "In all developing countries, you put objectives and sometimes you don't reach them."

"But," he said, referring to the government, "they are determined to spend this money on development. They see it as a priority."

Levin and Warner pointed out that in 2007, for example, Iraq actually spent only 28 percent of its $12 billion reconstruction budget, according to the accountability office, and even that number could overstate the success rate in most of Iraq, since $2 billion of the spending took place in the relatively peaceful confines of the northern Kurdish region.

And in another troubling sign, the report said that from 2005 to 2007, Iraq had devoted only 1 percent of the operating expenses in its budget to maintaining reconstruction projects that had been built either with American or Iraqi money.

A two-edged sword

Like so many statistical measures from Iraq, the ones in the new report are likely to be used to support diametrically opposite positions on how much the United States should continue spending and how long it should stay in the country, said Ryan Alexander, president of Taxpayers for Common Sense in Washington.

The figures could be used to argue that because the Iraqi ministries still do not have the capacity to spend their own money, further assistance from the United States is called for, Alexander said. Or the huge oil revenues could be seen as proof that Iraq has the resources to solve its own problems if it would only use the money.

But one finding that is sure to raise questions all around is the enormous pileup of cash in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Alexander said.

The purpose of the money was to rebuild Iraq, not draw interest in a bank, Alexander said. "I don't know what function that serves right now. In my mind it raises another set of questions which is, 'Who's minding the store?' " she said.